# Temperature 


As mentioned in previous sections, the temperature affects:

* crop phenology via the thermal time ($\Delta TT$; Equation \@ref(eq:thermaltime))
and crop vernalisation ($f_{V}$; Equation \@ref(eq:VernalisationFactor)),
and via crop emergence (Equation \@ref(eq:Emergence)), 
* root depth growth ($f_{rt}$; Equation \@ref(eq:RootGrowthTemperature);
Fig. \@ref(fig:wdTempRootFactor)), 
* radiation-limited biomass accumulation ($\Delta Q_{r}$; Equation \@ref(eq:BiomassProduction))
via a stress factor ($f_{s}$), which depends on a temperature factor
($f_{T,photo}$; Equation \@ref(eq:TemStressPhoto)), 
* CO\textsubscript{2} effect on biomass accumulation via a temperature
effect on the CO\textsubscript{2} compensation point $(C_{i}$; Equation \@ref(eq:CO2Factor4Photosynthesis);
Fig. \@ref(fig:wdCardonDioxideFactor)), 
\item LAI senescence under minimum and maximum temperature ($\Delta LAI_{sen,\,frost}$,
$\Delta LAI_{sen,\,heat}$; Equation \@ref(eq:SensFrost) and Equation \@ref(eq:SensHeat)),
* biomass demand of `Grain` ($D_{g}$) and the rate of grain
filling (Equation \@ref(eq:MealDemand); Fig. \@ref(fig:PhenologWheatModule)), 
* N demand of `Grain` (Equation \@ref(eq:NitrogenDemand); Fig. \@ref(fig:wdNitrogenTem)), 
** VPD calculation (Equation \@ref(eq:VPD)).