

# Head development



## Grain number


The number of grains per plant ($N_{g}$) is determined by the stem
weight at anthesis.

\begin{equation}

N_{g}=R_{g}W_{s}

\end{equation}

where $W_{s}$ is the stem dry weight at anthesis, $R_{g}$ is the
grain number per gram stem which is specified by `grain_per_gram_stem`
in wheat.xml, with default value at 25 grain g\textsuperscript{-1}.


## `Grain` (`Meal`) demand\label{subsec:Grain-(meal)-demand}


The `Grain` demand (or `Meal` demand, $D_{g}$) is calculated
in the growth phase `postflowering` (from flowering to end
of grain filling Fig. \@ref(fig:PhenologWheatModule)). $D_{g}$ equals
to 0 before flowering.


\begin{equation}

D_{g}=N_{g}R_{p}h_{g}(T_{mean})f_{N,\,grain} (\#eq:MealDemand)

\end{equation}

where $N_{g}$ is the grain number, $R_{p}$ is the potential rate
of grain filling (0.0010 grain\textsuperscript{-1} d\textsuperscript{-1}
from flowering to start of grain filling (Fig. \@ref(fig:PhenologWheatModule));
0.0020 grain\textsuperscript{-1} d\textsuperscript{-1} during grain
filling (Fig. \@ref(fig:PhenologWheatModule))), $h_{g}(T_{mean})$
is a function of daily mean temperature which affects the rate of
grain filling (0-1) and is defined by parameters `x_temp_grainfill`
and `y_rel_grainfill` in wheat.xml and linearly interpolated
by APSIM (Fig. \@ref(fig:wdTempGrainFill)).

$f_{N,\,grain}$ is a nitrogen factor to grain filling.


\begin{equation}

f_{N,\,grain}=\frac{h_{N,\ poten}}{h_{N,\ min}}h_{N,\,grain}\sum_{stem,\,leaf}\frac{C_{N}-C_{N,\,min}}{C_{N,\,crit}\times f_{c,\,N}-C_{N,\,min}}\qquad(0\leq f_{N,\,fill}\leq1)

\end{equation}

where $h_{N,\ poten}$ is the potential rate of grain filling which
is specified by `potential_grain_n_filling_rate` in wheat.xml
and has a default value of 0.000055 g grain\textsuperscript{-1} d\textsuperscript{-1};
$h_{N,\ min}$ is the minimum rate of grain filling which is specified
by `minimum_grain_n_filling_rate` in wheat.xml and has
a default value of 0.000015 g grain\textsuperscript{-1} d\textsuperscript{-1};
$h_{N,\,grain}$ is a multiplier for nitrogen deficit effect on grain,
which is specified by `n_fact_grain` in wheat.xml and has
a default value of 1; $C_{N}$ is the nitrogen concentration of `Stem`
or `Leaf` parts; $C_{N,\,crit}$ and $C_{N,\,min}$ are critical
and minimum nitrogen concentration, respectively, for `Stem`
and `Leaf` parts. $C_{N,\,crit}$ and $C_{N,\,min}$ are functions
of growth stage and nitrogen concentration which is defined by parameters
`x_stage_code`, `y_n_conc_min_leaf`, `y_n_conc_crit_leaf`,
`y_n_conc_min_stem`, `y_n_conc_crit_stem` in
wheat.xml and linearly interpolated by APSIM (Fig. \@ref(fig:wdNitrogenConcentration));
and $f_{c,\,N}$ is a factor with a value of 1 (i.e. no impact) for
Stem, and is depending on CO\textsubscript{2} for `Leaf` (Fig. \@ref(fig:wbCO2CritLeaf)).


```{r wdTempGrainFill,fig.cap='Response of the factor affecting the rate of grain filling in regards to daily mean temperature.' }  

p <- wdVisXY(wheat_xml, 
		"x_temp_grainfill", "y_rel_grainfill",
		xlab = expression(paste("Daily mean temperature", ~"("*degree*"C)")),
		ylab = 'Factor affecting the rate of grain filling')

print(p)

```



```{r wbCO2CritLeaf,fig.cap='The CO2 modifier for critical nitrogen concentration of Leaf.' }  

p <- wdVisXY(wheat_xml, 
		"x_co2_nconc_modifier", "y_co2_nconc_modifier",
		xlab = 'CO2 concentration',
		ylab = 'Critical nitrogen concentration of Leaf')

print(p)

```


Finally, `Grain` demand is limited by the maximum grain size
(corresponding to $D_{gm}$)

\begin{equation}

\begin{array}{c}
D_{g}=\min(D_{g},\,D_{gm})\\
D_{gm}=N_{g}S_{gm}-Q_{meal}\qquad(D_{gm}\geq0)
\end{array}

\end{equation}

where $N_{g}$ is the grain number; $Q_{meal}$ is the dry weight
of `Meal` part (i.e. the `Grains`); $S_{gm}$ is the
maximum grain size which is specified by max_grain_size in wheat.xml
and is a cultivar-specific parameter with 0.04 g for default value.


## `Pod` demand\label{subsec:Pod-demand}


`Pod` demand ($D_{p}$) is calculated by `Grain` demand
($D_{g}$, Equation \@ref(eq:MealDemand)) or daily biomass accumulation
($\Delta Q$, Equation \@ref(eq:actualBiomassProduction))


\begin{equation}

D_{p}=\begin{array}{c}
D_{g}h_{p}(S)\qquad D_{g}\text{>0}\\
\Delta Qh_{p}(S)\qquad D_{g}\text{=0}
\end{array} (\#eq:GrainDemand)

\end{equation}

where $h_{p}(S)$ is a function of the growth stage ($S$) and of
the `Pod` demand fraction of $D_{g}$ or $\Delta Q$. $h_{p}(S)$
is defined by parameters `x_stage_no_partition` and `y_frac_pod`
in wheat.xml and linearly interpolated by APSIM (Fig. \@ref(fig:wdFractionOfPod)).


```{r wdFractionOfPod,fig.cap='Pod demand over the stages (fraction of Grain demand or of  daily biomass accumulation).' }  

p <- wdVisXY(wheat_xml, 
		"x_stage_no_partition", "y_frac_pod",
		xlab = "Stage codes",
		ylab = "Pod demand fraction of grain demand \n or daily biomass accumulation")

print(p)

```



